पेनिसिलिन एलर्जी के साथ प्लूरल एम्पाइमा: इंट्राप्लूरल फाइब्रिनोलिटिक थेरेपी विफल होने पर क्या करें

References

DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0146-2023

1. In the community-acquired infection setting, treatment should target both Gram-positive aerobes and anaerobes until results of cultures become available.
2. For patients that are penicillin-allergic, clindamycin alone, or in combination with ciprofloxacin or a cephalosporin, is likely to provide a good alternative.
3. This usually includes those with residual persistent fluid collection, ongoing sepsis or stage 2 or 3 empyema.
4. The principles of surgery in management of empyema focus on debridement and evacuation of the infected material from the pleural cavity.
5. Surgery for pleural infection ranges from the less invasive video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) to the more invasive surgical procedures of open thoracotomy (decortication), thoracoplasty and open window thoracotomy.
6. Advances in surgery have led to an increase in the use of VATS as the preferred approach in managing pleural infection.
7. In advanced stages of pleural infection, the visceral pleura develops a thick rind; therefore, decortication is required to allow lung re-expansion and to maintain a sterile pleural space thereafter.
8. However, in clinical scenarios where chronic empyema and a bronchopleural fistula are present, and previous intervention has failed or candidates are deemed unfit for further intervention, open window thoracotomy and thoracoplasty are favoured approaches.