Cardiac syndrome X — angina occurring in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease — is associated with coronary atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction. Effective first-line management targets both the underlying cardiovascular risk profile and the patient's anginal burden.
The evidence-based first-line strategy combines tailored lifestyle modification with structured management of traditional cardiovascular risk factors — the full protocol specifies how each element is prioritised and applied for this condition.
Full regimen, sequencing, and clinical details available via the structured protocol below.
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae177
In all patients with established ANOCA/INOCA due to the frequent presence of coronary atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction, tailored counselling on lifestyle factors is warranted to address risk factors, reduce symptoms, and improve QoL and prognosis.
Management of traditional CVD risk factors, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, smoking, and diabetes should be as per clinical practice guidelines recommendations.
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