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References

DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2025.23.3.0177

• Immediate resuscitation is necessary for patients presenting with active bleeding upon admission.
• Hemodynamic stability should be assessed through airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC) protocols.
• Establishing good central or peripheral intravenous (IV) access (preferably two lines) alongside fluid resuscitation is crucial and may be lifesaving in cases of massive hemorrhage.
• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 receptor antagonists are administered to reduce gastric acidity, as increased acidity impairs mucosal healing of the stomach and esophagus.
• Additionally, antiemetics such as promethazine and ondansetron may be used to control nausea and vomiting.
• Most patients managed conservatively are typically hospitalized until hemostasis is achieved and symptoms are resolved.