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References

DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2025.08.004

In patients with gastroparesis refractory to medical management, the AGA suggests against the routine use of botulinum toxin injection (BTI).

Prior studies have used doses of both 100 units and 200 units, both of which are supported by the experts on the panel.

In patients with gastroparesis refractory to medical therapy, the AGA suggests against the routine use of G-POEM.

In patients with gastroparesis refractory to medical therapy, the AGA makes no recommendation regarding the use of surgical pyloric interventions (pyloromyotomy or pyloroplasty).

In patients with gastroparesis refractory to medical therapy, the AGA suggests against the routine use of GES.

When used, patients should be informed that GES aims to primarily improve nausea and vomiting, not abdominal pain.